Paper Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Paper - Case Study Example It's a given that enough clinical preliminaries are expected to find out its appropriate use for an assortment of tumors at various pieces of body. I might want to cause you to notice the way that however said gadget is working appropriately, it has not been altogether tried on its application. It won't be moral to utilize the gadget without appropriate clinical preliminaries as inappropriate utilization of the machine could harm solid cells and make symptoms, for example, trouble gulping, irritation or redness in the mouth, queasiness, dry mouth, loss of taste, ear infections, particularly when the treatment is engaged at head and neck. That is likewise evident when the machine is utilized for treatment of tumors at other body parts, for example, bosom, lymph hubs or other confined strong tumors. Human life is valuable and can't be put in danger while endeavoring to fix tumors from the gadget. It would be exceptionally deceptive to utilize this gadget for radiation treatment of malignant growth patients since it has not been altogether tried for its utilization and application with the goal that no damage is done to the patients. Moral practices should be followed in all professional interactions; in like manner, it is totally untrustworthy and ill-advised to sell any bookkeeping programming without its fitting testing. Truth be told, such activity will commensurate to misleading guileless

How Does A Dualistic Vision Hold One Back, Spiritually What Role Does

How Does A Dualistic Vision Hold One Back, Spiritually What Role Does How Does A Dualistic Vision Hold One Back, Spiritually What Role Does Regetarianism, Play In The †Coursework Example Dualistic Vision and Spirituality Dualistic vision is a significant interfered with on human advancement toward God as the otherworldly undertakings of individuals require a completeness of being. In an ontological comprehension of the term dualism, it is obvious that â€Å"multiplicity is original.† (Friesen) In the ontological dualism, the formation of the world by God has been from everlastingly prior substance. The split among body and the spirit is grasped as dualism in the anthropological perspective. This dualistic vision of reality doesn't offer completeness which is generally basic in an acknowledgment of otherworldly objectives. People can grasp the idea of God in completeness which is, essentially, ailing in a dualistic vision. Dualistic vision is brought about by the confidence in a different self and as Mã ¶ller de la Rouviã ¨re contends, â€Å"Dualistic vision is thereforeâ a direct result of this assumed inward element called the ‘I’.† (Ro uviã ¨re) This I-cognizant upsets the completeness of experience and eventually the acknowledgment of God is decimated. Humanism, which is significant in the acknowledgment of God, requires non-duality or completeness as an essential part of human life. Significantly, human life can encounter facts and real factors as far as non-duality or completeness. The acknowledgment of God just as profound objectives is conceivable just in a non-dualistic vision of the real world and it is now that the job of regetarianism becomes an integral factor. Rouviã ¨re likewise proposes that â€Å"Spiritual life is†¦a human issue and the satisfaction of human life is the satisfaction of otherworldly life.† (Rouviã ¨re) Dualistic vision of facts, for example, God neglects to grasp reality and, along these lines, keeps down individuals profoundly and the job of regetarianism can be acknowledged regarding human encounters that require completeness instead of dualism. Friesen, Dr. J. Glen n. â€Å"Monism, Dualism, Nondualism: A Problem with Vollenhoven’s Problem-Historical Method.† 21 Sept. 2008. aspecten.org/netschrift/Method.docRouvià ¨re, Mã ¶ller de la. â€Å"Principles of Spiritual Humanism.† Discover Spiritual Humanism. 21 Sept. 2008. spiritualhumanism.co.za/principles_of_spiritual_humanism

Physics of a Spudgun :: physics potato gun cannon

Well it's very straightforward really. Spudguns utilize a portion of indistinguishable standards from interior ignition motors. Similarly as consuming gas powers a cylinder out of a chamber it can likewise compel out a potato. A spudgun is a gadget that utilizes some type of force to extend a potato over the sky. Normally these gadgets are made of ABS plastic sewer pipe. There are a few significant pieces of the spud weapon that these pages will allude to. These parts are the terminating chamber, the igniter, and the barrel. The start gadget of a spud firearm is essentially put the flash generator that causes the burning of the fuel in the terminating chamber. This gadget is typically a charcoal flame broil lighter. The catch on the sparker is discouraged and a sparkle circular segments over a wire lead and a ground wire. The barbecue sparker is introduced in to the rear of the terminating chamber by methods for stringing, epoxy, and jolts. This sparker turns into a shot in the event that it isn't very much situated at long last top of the shooting chamber. It must be held solidly set up withstanding any weight created by the energizes being scorched in the chamber. This sort or igniter will work in many conditions including when it gets wet with fuel. Different igniters exist yet are not suggested as exceptionally as the charcoal flame broil sparker. The Colmen lamp turn lighter which utilize a stone and striker can get gummed up with certain powers and isn't suggested for use in spud firearms which will utilize hairspray as an essential fuel. This lighter must have new stones introduced when they run out. This sort of lighter likewise will neglect to work when wet with fuel. The fire style grill lighter is a tick lighter that delivers a little supported fire. This lighter infrequently fizzles yet is exceptionally difficult to introduce given the high weights it would be exposed to. Additionally the fuel in the lighter it self must be topped off. Some Spud Guns utilize a flash fitting and battery arrangement that includes more work just as more parts. The advantages of this style of start framework is that you can remote explode the fuel from a sheltered separation. By a long shot the press button charcoal flame broil sparker is t he suggested igniter. It is modest, powerful, moderately simple to introduce and enduring.

Book Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Book Analysis - Essay Example His endeavors in the battle for the privileges of various individuals picked up him regard and adoration over the globe. This is the primary at any point composed theoretical book that features the situations that emerged when Castro left office. The book clarifies reality on the life of Che Guevara on his crucial his lifetime. Che Guevara went for an outcast when his was in his progressive crucial Bolivia. Many idea he had passed on after he disappeared during the period he was away estranged abroad. Later he returned to the open face and battles to benefit the individuals as his primary crucial point. The book is a life story on the life and demise of Che Guevera. Body This area features diverse topical issues that encompass this book. Highlight that this subjects will be clarified in a clear way. I will likewise feature various legitimizations for the subjects and how they identify with the creator and Che Guevara. Transformation Revolution is viewed as the primary subject. In the novel, the primary topic that is unmistakably featured, and comes out obviously is Che Guevara’s battle for upset. In the novel, the creator talks quite a bit of Che Guevera in his strategic a revolutionist. He battled a guerilla sort of fighting and his fundamental objective in the progressive strategic on the call for solidarity and battles against the racial separation on the nation. In the novel, John Blackthorm has talked about the different gatherings where Che was giving his discourse on the call for solidarity in the nation. Solidarity This book has featured the topic of solidarity. Solidarity is a perspective that has been worried by the creator. The creator has associated this subject with Che Guevara in a superior way. Such issues have been clarified in lively way. Che apparently unified various individuals in the battle for people’s rights. This book has noticed that one of the cases where Che was approaching the solidarity of the individuals was in the wo rldwide gathering on the worldwide demobilization and his message was that there ought to be solidarity among all the counter colonialists and the imperialist’s developments and there ought to be a typical reason among them and the network. Che worked intimately with Castro in the job they embraced of battling against independence in the general public. He rather urged solidarity and individuals to fill in general unit in the state. In short, it is consistent with note that Che Guavara has earned regard for his endeavors in guaranteeing solidarity. Separation The book uncovers plainly that Che worked to assist the individuals and not a government operative on the individuals. In the discourses that Che made in different meetings, He in commonly needed with the expectation of complimentary soviet assistance. In the organization that Che made with Washington, this was for the fortifying of the economy of Cuba and against the Soviet Union. Che alluded to the racial segregation t hat prompted the politically-sanctioned racial segregation framework in the nation. In his discourse, Che Guevera stated, By what means can nations that murder its own youngsters and segregates between them day by day, due to the shade of their skins and permits the Negroes killers to go without any penalty. As a matter of fact ensures them and rebuffs the Negroes for requesting for regard for their legitimate rights as people, guarantee to be the gatekeeper of freedom? In the novel, the occasions that remaining parts life-changing in all my years. The first is where the author recognizes the organic products

Elie Wiesel’s Night Essay -- Elie Wiesel

There exist just two kinds of individuals in a period of war and emergency, the individuals who endure and the individuals who kick the bucket. Elie Wiesel’s tale, Night shows how Elie, himself, faces troublesome issues and battles to endure World War II. Wilfred Owen’s sonnet, â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est†, recounts to an anecdote about a youthful fighter considering himself before others during World War I. The sonnet â€Å"Mary Hamilton† shows how a mother executed her kid so she would not fall into difficulty. Sir John Harrington expounds on a miserable truth in the sonnet â€Å"On Treason†; the sonnet reflects humanity’s narrow minded inclinations during extreme occasions. At the point when individuals face troublesome occasions they frequently care about just a single individual, themselves; the need to endure mists people’s good and judgment. Elie Wiesel expounds on the occasions when he sees himself being narrow minded, rather than thinking about others. At the point when the Nazis constrained the detainees to run, Elie faces numerous troublesome difficulties. Any detainee who quit running would be shot, or stomped on by different detainees. The little fellow, named Zalman, running close to Elie can't keep on running. Zalman, â€Å"trampled under the feet of thousands of men† (Wiesel 86) becomes overlooked not long after he passes on. Elie concedes, â€Å"I before long overlooked him. I started to consider myself again† (86). The war has made Elie acknowledge he can just stand to consider himself or, in all likelihood he will kick the bucket. â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† shows how one officers need to endure in a roundabout way causes another fighters demise. From the earliest starting point of the sonnet the peruser perceives how the war influences the officers. Battling in the war has matured the officers, the once youngsters now â€Å"bent twofold, similar to old bums under sacks, thump kneed, hacking like hags† walk through the combat area (Owen 1-2). The men, totally depleted f... ...d war show how effectively the ethics of individuals can be bent. At the point when confronted with testing, requesting times individuals will frequently pick what benefits them best. The sonnets and the novel, Night, show how brutal and childish people can be the point at which they feel their endurance undermined. Individuals will betray each other so as to live one more day or deny help to a fallen officer. The brutal facts of humankind spill out in the midst of war and emergency. By the day's end, each man needs to battle for himself so as to endure. Works Cited â€Å"Mary Hamilton.† Honors Poetry Unit Class Handout. Sir John Harrington. Conspiracy. Honors Poetry Unit Class Handout. Wiesel, Elie, and Marion Wiesel. Night. New York, NY: Hill and Wang, a Division of Farrar, . Straus and Giroux, 2006. Print. Wilfred Owen. â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est.† Honors Poetry Unit Class Handout.

Long-Term Effects of Methamphetamine Abuse

Long-Term Effects of Methamphetamine Abuse Addiction Drug Use Meth Print Long-Term Effects of Methamphetamine Abuse By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 23, 2020 Larry W. Smith Collection / Getty Images News More in Addiction Drug Use Meth Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery The long-time effects of methamphetamine abuse can be more severe that those of some other illicit drugs and some of those effects can be irreversible. One of the negative consequences of long-time meth abuse is developing an addiction to the drug. Methamphetamine addicts will continue compulsive drug seeking and drug use in spite of negative consequences. This is due to changes in the brain that changes the users reward system. How Long Does Methamphetamine Stay in Your System? Tolerance and Withdrawal As with other drug addictions, meth addicts develop a tolerance to the drug, requiring higher dosages to get the same effect, and they experience withdrawal symptoms if they try to quit. National Institute on Drug Abuse research has shown that long-term meth abusers brains are changed to the point that they may find it difficult to experience any pleasure other than that provided by the drug.?? This provokes even further drug abuse. Meth Withdrawal Symptoms DepressionAnxietyFatigueIntense craving What to Expect From Meth Withdrawal Other Psychiatric Symptoms Chronic methamphetamine abusers can also experience other symptoms, including:?? AnxietyConfusionInsomniaMood disturbancesViolent behavior Psychotic Features Meth abuse can also produce a variety of psychotic features that can include paranoia, visual and auditory hallucinations, and delusions. Some chronic methamphetamine abusers report the sensation of insects creeping under the skin.?? Unfortunately, some of these psychotic symptoms can persist for months or years after the abuser quits using meth. Reoccurrence of these symptoms can be triggered by stress long after the person has stopped using. Emotion and Memory NIDA-sponsored neuroimaging studies have found that meth use alters the dopamine system associated with reduced motor speed and impaired verbal learning.?? Studies have found that meth abusers show severe damage in the region of the brain associated with emotion and memory. Methamphetamine abuse can also negatively affect non-neural brain cells called microglia, which support the brain by removing damaged neurons and defending the brain against infectious agents. But, too much microglial activity can damage healthy neurons in the brain. Imaging studies have detected double the levels of microglial cells in the brains of former methamphetamine abusers, compared with people who never used meth.?? Some Reversible, Some Not Some studies have found that some of the brain damage caused by chronic methamphetamine abuse is partially reversible. Motor and verbal memory have shown to improve after extended abstinence from methamphetamine (14 months, but not six months).?? However, other brain functions damaged by meth abuse did not recover even after 14 months, one study found. Methamphetamine use increases the risk of stroke and can lead to a higher incidence of Parkinsons disease, conditions that are irreversible. There are other physical effects that methamphetamine users can experience including weight loss, skin sores, and severe tooth decay and tooth loss, a condition known as meth mouth.?? How Meth Affects the Body

How do you find the Oblique Asymptotes of a Function

In my experience, students often hit a roadblock when they see the word asymptote. What is an asymptote anyway? How do you find them? Is this going to be on the test (The answer to the last question is yes. Asymptotes definitely show up on the AP Calculus exams). Of the three varieties of asymptote horizontal, vertical, and oblique perhaps the oblique asymptotes are the most mysterious. In this article we define oblique asymptotes and show how to find them. What is an Oblique Asymptote? An oblique (or slant) asymptote is a slanted line that the function approaches as x approaches ∞ (infinity) or -∞ (minus infinity). Lets explore this definition a little more, shall we? Its All About the Line Since all non-vertical lines can be written in the form y = mx + b for some constants m and b, we say that a function f(x) has an oblique asymptote y = mx + b if the values (the y-coordinates) of f(x) get closer and closer to the values of mx + b as you trace the curve to the right (x → ∞) or to the left (x → -∞), in other words, if there is a good approximation, f(x) mx + b, when x gets extremely large in the positive or negative sense. Still with me? I understand completely if youre still a little lost, but lets see if we can clear up some confusion using the graph shown below. As you can see, the function (shown in blue) seems to get closer to the dashed line. Therefore, the oblique asymptote for this function is y = x 1. Finding Oblique Aymptotes A function can have at most two oblique asymptotes, but only certain kinds of functions are expected to have an oblique asymptote at all. For instance, polynomials of degree 2 or higher do not have asymptotes of any kind. (Remember, the degree of a polynomial is the highest exponent on any term. For example, 10x3 3x4 + 3x 12 has degree 4.) As a quick application of this rule, you can say for sure without any work that there are no oblique asymptotes for the quadratic function f(x) = x2 + 3x 10, because its a polynomial of degree 2. On the other hand, some kinds of rational functions do have oblique asymptotes. Rational Functions A rational function has the form of a fraction, f(x) = p(x) / q(x), in which both p(x) and q(x) are polynomials. If the degree of the numerator (top) is exactly one greater than the degree of the denominator (bottom), then f(x) will have an oblique asymptote. So there are no oblique asymptotes for the rational function, . But a rational function like does have one. Knowing when there is a horizontal asymptote is just half the battle. Now how do we find it? This next step involves polynomial division. Polynomial Division to Find Oblique Asymptotes If youve made it this far, you probably have seen long division of polynomials, or synthetic division, but if you are rusty on the technique, then check out this video or this article. The idea is that when you do polynomial division on a rational function that has one higher degree on top than on the bottom, the result always has the form mx + b + remainder term. Then the oblique asymptote is the linear part, y = mx + b. We dont need to worry about the remainder term at all. Example Using Polynomial Division Lets see how the technique can be used to find the oblique asymptote of . The long division is shown below. Because the quotient is 2x + 1, the rational function has an oblique asymptote: y = 2x + 1. Hyperbolas Another place where oblique asymptotes show up is in the graphs of hyperbolas. Remember, in the simplest case, a hyperbola is characterized by the standard equation, The hyperbola graph corresponding to this equation has exactly two oblique asymptotes, The two asymptotes cross each other like a big X. Example Involving a Hyperbola Lets find the oblique asymptotes for the hyperbola with equation x2/9 y2/4 = 1. In the given equation, we have a2 = 9, so a = 3, and b2 = 4, so b = 2. This means that the two oblique asymptotes must be at y = (b/a)x = (2/3)x. More General Hyperbolas Its important to realize that hyperbolas come in more than one flavor. If the hyperbola has its terms switched, so that the y term is positive and x term is negative, then the asymptotes take a slightly different form. Furthermore, if the center of the hyperbola is at a different point than the origin, (h, k), then that affects the asymptotes as well. Below is a summary of the various possibilities. Final Thoughts So when you see a question on the AP Calculus AB exam asking about oblique asymptotes, dont forget: If the function is rational, and if the degree on the top is one more than the degree on the bottom: Use polynomial division. If the graph is a hyperbola with equation x2/a2 y2/b2 = 1, then your asymptotes will be y = (b/a)x. Other kinds of hyperbolas also have standard formulas defining their asymptotes. Keeping these techniques in mind, oblique asymptotes will start to seem much less mysterious on the AP exam!

The Balance Of A Person s Energy - 889 Words

The balance of a person’s energy affects their overall health. If the body does not receive enough energy, the person’s health dissipates into dysfunctional daily life functions. Body weight tends to stay the same because the energy intake is about the same about of energy used for the body to function. As time progresses and people start to ingest more energy than the body needs or uses, that energy becomes transformed into weight gain, obesity and overweightness. Genes, eating habits, residency, attitude, finances and habits are some potential contributors to energy imbalancement. Dariush Mozaffarian found out that the price of healthy foods are more expensive than unhealthy food which is an enormous factor to the increasing obesity†¦show more content†¦The Bureau of Labor Statistics stated that a unit, family, spends $53,495 according to 2014 records (BLS). This family will be in debt by $9,213.48, on accordance of trying to eat healthy. Stanford Health Car e department has statistically proven the percentiles of obese men and women. The U.S. Surgeon General has declared â€Å"that obesity has reached epidemic proportions in the United States. Approximately: 35 percent of women and 31 percent of men are considered seriously overweight and 15 percent of children between the ages of six and 19 are overweight.† obesity has reached horrible percentiles (Stanford Health Care). To prevent these percentiles from rising, Stanford has also made a list of ways to prevent obesity in family households. Some of these healthful actions includes, â€Å"Gradually work to change family eating habits and activity levels rather than focusing on weight. Change the habits and the weight will take care of itself. Parents who eat healthy foods and are physically activity set an example that increases the likelihood their children will do the same. Keep the refrigerator stocked with fat-free or low-fat milk and fresh fruit and vegetables instead of soft drinks and snacks high in sugar and fat. Serve at least five servings of fruits and vegetables daily. Encourage children to drink water rather than beverages with added sugar, such as soft drinks, sports drinks and fruit juice drinks. â€Å"

Harvard Business Simulation Free Essay Example, 1000 words

The proposed project should not exceed the proposed budget allocated. In this light, SNC will create a fixed budget that will accommodate intense product development that is in tune with the customer tastes and preferences. Since this is just a proposal, the time value of money should be calculated in order to ascertain whether by the time of its launch the project will have a return on initial investment. The purpose of capital budgeting is to analyze the proposed cash flow attributable to the new project and to decide whether adopting it (increasing client base) will add value to the firm. To achieve that, the management should transfigure the cash inflows expected in future to current-value equivalent. The simulator shows substantial increments in cash flows in SNC’s financial statements over the three-year phase. The historical sales figures for instance in the periods 2010-2012 remain stagnant and dismal. However, with the decision to expand and tap into the company’s wide clientele, the sales seem to increase as projected by the simulator in the present (2013-2016) and future periods (2016-2022). We will write a custom essay sample on Harvard Business Simulation or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The increase in sales directly influenced the earnings before interest and tax (EBIT). The decision to take on new customers has led to fundamental increases in EBIT consistently in the three-phase period. As expected, the net income increased due to increased sales in the phase one of the launch and subsequent phases. Moreover, there was a considerable increment in the free cash flow available to the company. Capitalizing on Supplier Discount An effective supply chain adopted by the organization is vital in maximizing profits of the firm. An effective supply chain would mean that good relations exist between the firm and the suppliers in question. Discounts on inventory from suppliers would mean that the company is able to purchase more at a lower cost. That is, lower opportunity costs in the sense that the saved cash will be redirected to other investment opportunities to draw additional revenue. The decision made is to undertake bulk purchasing in order to get discounts from the suppliers. It is however, imperative to note that the discounts will be ineffective if the level of stock turnover is lower. The rate of stock turnover should be high enough so that SNC can leverage on the discounts accorded to them by the suppliers. The simulator projects increases in the sales margins in the present and future phases as opposed to historical trading phases of the organization.

Animal Testing And The Medical Field - 1957 Words

Animal testing began after consumer products caused harm to the buyer. In 1930, a mascara called Lash Lure, blinded many women who used it. In 1937, one hundred people died from a new cough syrup called Elixir (Why do companies test cosmetics or other products on animals? 2013). These are two occurrences that pushed people to use animals for testing product safety. Today, the use of animals has expanded into experiments benefiting the medical field. These experimental animal studies are beneficial to the safety of humans, but animals are sacrificed in the process. Animals are usually killed and dissected at the end of the tests to determine the safety or efficacy of a product or drug. Although animal testing has increased the understanding of medical and consumer issues, the ways these discoveries were made are fatal. As a utilitarian, one needs to consider the benefits and harms of animal testing and discover if they find it ethical. A utilitarian usually would not support animal te sting because not everyone included is experiencing the best balance of happiness over unhappiness. The issue of animal testing brings up the question of what animal’s rights are. When evaluating animal’s rights, common questions that come up are: Do animals have instrumental value only? Do they have rights? Do we owe them any moral respect or concern at all? Is it morally permissible to experiment on animals, to raise and kill them for food, to cause them unnecessary pain and suffering? DoShow MoreRelatedAnimal Testing And The Medical Field Essay1789 Words   |  8 PagesINTRODUCTION: When people hear the phrase â€Å"animal testing† they tend to have many reactions. Some think that it should not be allowed, while others think that science could not survive without it. Many advances have been made in the medical field because of animal testing, and the process of eliminating it from existence will be extremely difficult (Ericson, 2014; Daston, et al., 2015). Due to the controversy surrounding the subject people might not know all of the facts. Through our research weRead MoreThe Ethics Of Animal Experimentation927 Words   |  4 PagesFor centuries, the ethics of animal experimentation in the biomedical field have been questioned. The primary concern is whether the animals used in research outweigh the pain the animals endure. Animal rights activists will argue that there are new alternatives, which are more accurate than animal testing. The success of animal trials has continued the use by scientists within the medical field. Additionally, testing on anim als eliminate harm to humans. The first Animal Cruelty Act was created inRead MoreAnimal Testing : Is It Ethical?994 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal Testing, is it Ethical? For centuries, the ethics of animal experimentation in the biomedical field have been questioned. Do the benefits of animals used in research outweigh the pain the animals endure? Animal rights activists will argue there are new alternatives that there are more accurate than animal testing. The success of trials on animals, has led to the continued use by scientists within the medical field. Additionally, testing on animals instead of humans puts humans out of harmsRead MoreArguments Against Animal Testing1157 Words   |  5 PagesWhat comes to mind when thinking about animal experimentation? Thoughts of innocent, lovable animals being stabbed with sharp needles? Well, that is not exactly the case, as animal experimentation plays a very important role in human health today. However, the idea of animals testing has become quite a controversial topic. Over the past few decades, there has been an extensive debate over the use of animals in medical and product testing. The majority of people seem to think that it is an unnecessaryRead More Animal Testing Essay815 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal Testing Animal testing is the running of tests and the research done in a laboratory on animals. Some of the tests are done to benefit human lives and other tests are done to determine side effects of a certain household or cosmetic products. It is a topic that has been up for debate for many years not only in the United States, but all around the world. While some support the advances that come from the research others oppose the cruelty that the media projects to societyRead MoreMore than 205,000 new drugs are introduced in markets worldwide every year after undergoing various900 Words   |  4 Pageslarge number of animals have been utilized for testing new drugs on them, so as to spare human life. This can be proved from the fact that early physician, scientists, such as Aristotle and Erasistratus performed experiments on living animals. Similarly, Galen who was a giant in the history of medicine conducted animal experiments to advance the understanding of Anatomy and the Pathology physiology. Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar) introduced animal testing as an experimental method for testing surgical proceduresRead MoreThe Facts And Benefits Of Animal Testing1533 Words   |  7 PagesLife revolves around animals When thinking of animal testing the first thing that pops into our mind may be animal cruelty, and unfair treatment. We all must set aside our personal beliefs and morals and, for a brief moment, think of the logical facts and advantages animal testing provides. When thinking of rabbits, mice, dogs, cats and other animals, the last thing that comes to mind is that they save lives. Animal research allows every day, common animals to save human lives. Vaccines, over-the-counterRead MoreAnimal Experimentation : The End Of Animal Testing1118 Words   |  5 PagesThe experimentation of animals has been used for a multitude of years for research to advance a scientific understanding of a living organism. To this day animals are being tested on for the use of human products. In 3D-printing human skin: The end of animal testing? by Jessica Mendoza, Speculative Philosophy, the Troubled Middle, and the Ethics of Animal Experimentation by Strachan Donnelley, â€Å"Animals and Medical S cience: A Vision of a New Era† by David O. Wiebers, Cruelty-free cosmetics benefitRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned Essay1369 Words   |  6 Pagesheartbreaking, miserable animals: that is what comes to mind when animal testing is mentioned. While some of it may be true, testing animals for medical reasons is necessary. Animal testing has led to the advancement of medical research and has help device many medicines, it is the reason animal testing is still being used. The fact that experimenting on animals has led to great medical discoveries, does not mean that animal testing is not morally ambiguous. Animal testing has many flaws and reasonsRead MoreThe Ethics Of Animal Testing1299 Words   |  6 PagesMrs. ------ English 11 11 June 2017 Animal Testing Animal testing dates back all the way to Greek physician scientists like Aristotle and Erasistratus. Greek scientist conducted experiments to understand the anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology just like our scientists do today. The moral ethics of animal testing has always been questioned, but many cures and treatments have been found due to animal testing discoveries. Animal testing is necessary for humankind s overall well

Descent to the Underworld in the Aeneid by Virgil and the...

Descent to the Underworld in the Aeneid and the Odyssey I chose to compare the Odyssey written by the Greek poet Homer and the Aeneid by the Roman poet Virgil. I will focus my interest on Book 11 of the Odyssey and Book 6 of the Aeneid, since that is when both of the main characters make an educational visit to the underworld. The description of the underworld created by Homers wild imagination, inspired Virgil eight centuries later. Virgils masterpiece was planned as an imitation of Homers poems, so one automatically starts comparing the creations of the two authors. They were separated by eight centuries and by the cultural differences of their people. These differences are reflected on the†¦show more content†¦He travels around the world for ten years but still comes back to Ithaca. He goes into the kingdom of the dead and returns safely. It is his death and his resurrection. After a person goes through so much, he finds out everything about his inner self. He knows exactly what his fears are and how much his body can handl e physically and emotionally. Odysseuss self-knowledge becomes greater and greater through out the story. In my opinion Odysseus is simply driven by his curiosity when going to Hades, he wants to know, see and feel everything himself. But there is a formal reason for the descent - to meet the famous Theban prophet Tiresias. A sweet smooth journey home, renowned Odysseus, that is what you seek but a god will make it hard for youà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[2] And even if you escape, youll come home late and come a broken man - all shipmates lost, alone in a strangers shipà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[3] And at last your own death will steal upon youà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ a gentle, painless death, far from the sea it comes to take you down, borne down with the years in ripe old ageà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[4] Everything that Odysseus asked Tiresias about was concerning his personal destiny only - the possibility of his returning home, seeing his beautiful wife and his only son. The prophecy made by Anchises, on the other hand, is of a political character. Greeks believed in life after death, but it was the life ofShow MoreRelatedThe Underworld and How It Reflects the Goals and Realities of Virgil and Homer1588 Words   |  7 PagesThe Underworld and How it Reflects the Goals and Realities of Virgil and Homer Two epic poems from two great civilizations depict their authors varying views of the Underworld: The Odyssey and The Aeneid. The Greek poet Homer describes the hardships of Odysseus and his struggle to return home to his beloved wife and family after the Trojan War in The Odyssey. The Roman poet Virgil composed The Aeneid for the first emperor of the Roman Empire, Caesar Augustus, in order to rebuild Rome afterRead MoreInfluence Of The Classical World Upon Dante s The Inferno1320 Words   |  6 Pagesthe burning of Troy. 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Barack Obama’s $ 350 Billion Request in Relation to Fiscal Policy Free Essays

The declaration of recession by the United States of America has been the official indicator that the country is indeed very much affected by the global financial crisis. The country is facing difficulties in many areas especially when it comes to the situation of their economy. This is clearly exemplified by an article that features President-elect Barack Obama urging the Congress to allow his administration to use the other $ 350 billion of the $ 700 billion rescue package. We will write a custom essay sample on Barack Obama’s $ 350 Billion Request in Relation to Fiscal Policy or any similar topic only for you Order Now The main objective of the Obama administration is to use the $ 350 billion of financial bailout funds to help the Main Street more rather than the Wall Street. This amount of money will become available to the Treasury Department within the span of 15 days unless the Congress will pass a law to prevent it (Kelley and Fritze). However, some Republicans clearly oppose the plan to spend more. They justified such position with their perspective that such plan will not be effective. These Republicans asserted that they will only support the spending if there are assurances that the money will not be misspent. There are also some American citizens who are also skeptical about Obama’s plan because of the mismanagement of the first $ 350 billion during the Bush Administration. On the other hand, those who support Obama’s request understand the weariness of the people but they encourage them not to prevent the Obama Administration to use the funds because of their disappointment with the previous administration. President Obama sought to reassure the Congress by promising them that there will be transparency to the process and more money will be directed to address the foreclosure crisis. This is in support with the letter sent by Obama’s economic adviser Lawrence Summers to the Congressional leaders that the country’s fragile economy entails them to act â€Å"both quickly and wisely† (Kelley and Fritze). The economic principle applicable to this article is fiscal policy. Fiscal policy pertains to the â€Å"deliberate changes in government spending and tax collections designed to achieve full employment, control inflation, and encourage economic growth† (McConnell and Brue 214). In relation with this, the request of President Obama for $ 350 billion exemplifies fiscal policy. The situation of the country under which the President made this request is in time of recession. It is said that fiscal policy is most applicable in such kind of economic condition. During time of recession, an expansionary fiscal policy is a possible way to address the problem. A possible reason behind the occurrence of recession is that the profit expectations on investment project have dimmed which curtailed investment spending and decreased aggregate demand. In this case, the federal government has three main options that it can use in order to stimulate the economy. These options are: (1) Increase government spending, (2) reduce taxes, or (3) use some combination of the two (McConnell and Brue 215). It is quite observable that President Obama opted to choose the first option, which is increased in government spending. A sufficient increase in the spending of the government can aid in pushing the economy out of recession. This will address one of the problems in times of recession because increased government spending will also increase aggregate demand. Nevertheless, the initial increase in aggregate demand is not the end because the multiplier effect will increase the original money spent by the government. The greater shift in the aggregate demand curve due to the multiplier process that magnifies the initial variation in spending into more successive rounds of new consumption spending (McConnell and Brue 215-216). Lastly, the political considerations that are observable in the article are also a part of implementing fiscal policy. This is due to the fact that fiscal policy is conducted in the political environment. As a result, economic considerations might be taken aside because of political concerns. It is also a common practice for politicians to rationalize actions and policies that are beneficial to one’s interest (McConnell and Brue 223). This is clearly proven by the opposite poles that the Republicans and Democrats have with regards to this issue. How to cite Barack Obama’s $ 350 Billion Request in Relation to Fiscal Policy, Papers

Environmental Degradation Land Utilization â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Environmental Degradation Land Utilization? Answer: Introduction The transportation system has had a rapid growth over the past decade primarily because of the commercial production of vehicles. Prior to that, the major over-land transportation mechanism was the use cart powered by of beasts of burden (donkeys, asses and horses) and rail. Rail transportation system was however not extensive as the railway cost too much to construct. The animal carts however, could be used in between the railway nodes. However, with the growth of the transportation system carts and animal driven carriages have become extinct save for recreational purposes and motor-vehicles have become the major over-land transportation units putting the road system at the very top of the list of transportation networks. Needs Definition With the growth of the road networks, many manufacturers have been able to come up with more affordable makes and brands. This has been important as, with the increase in population growth and the rising prices of renting and owning homes near big cities, many people have been forced to endure a long commute to work and school. The affordability has led to an increase in vehicle ownership and with this rate of ownership steadily increasing over the years, transport management has been a nightmare for both transport system oversight authorities and the users of this road network. Traffic congestion can be attributed to the transport system being overwhelmed by the number of vehicles which makes them relatively redundant and this necessitates the development of other complementary or supplementary systems. The increase of vehicles on the roads has also led to safety concerns as currently, road accidents are the fourth highest causes of death as indexed by the mortality rate graphs in demographic analysis. While the safety issue may not be directly attributed to the oversaturation of the road network capacity, it does owe it some credit. This is because, while not many road accidents occur as a result of too many vehicles on the road, reducing the number of vehicles on the road could indeed increase security. Conceptual Analysis Environmental degradation can also be largely attributed to congestion of the roads as vehicles usually release greenhouse gases which work towards depleting the O-zone layer and trapping hot gases. While new hybrid vehicles have been introduced into the road network system, their environmentally friendly efforts have gone unnoticed due to their insignificant volumes in comparison to the volumes of vehicles still using fossil fuels on the road. The vehicle manufacturing industry has also had a slow technological growth rate as production of environmentally friendly vehicles is too expensive in relation to the profit margins. The railway system on the other hand is not extensive as building more rail that traverses major transportation routes as opposed to road is also very expensive. All these factors have necessitated the implementation of new transport system networks, one of which is the mass light rail system. Mass rapid transport is a system of ferrying large volumes people and goods over short distances at a relatively fast speed. Some of the most prominent mass rapid transportation systems include the light rail system and bus rapid transit. Bus rapid transport involves the introduction of buses within a city that have special lanes and operate on a given time schedule in relation to the route they traverse. The light rail system is an environmentally approach to transportation where a relatively smaller railway carriage in introduced into the heart of a city to aid in the mass rapid transport of individuals. Their electrical power dependency ensures that, while they do not pollute the environment through greenhouse gases release from the exhaust, they have enough power to move large volumes and remain in operation without needing to stop except for regular maintenance. With, light rail transport, modelling is a bit different from that of road transport system design which primarily uses origin-destination models and travel demand models. Light rail systems, while incorporating some principles of travel-demand model, primarily use its more evolved relation, the activity-based model. These supply user demand information by utilizing deterministic and stochastic methods of analysis. Other evolved methods are the assignment-models that give a prediction of traffic information based on congestion and agent-based models. This system has different operation requirements when compared to existent rail network. This is because the methods of operations are fairly different and this necessitates different approaches to implementation and operation. As it stands, very few countries in the world have long distance electric railway transportation systems. The operation life cycle of such a project is usually between 10 15 years because human population growth rates necessitate new transportation systems after such a time when the population will have exceeded the capacity of the network system. The high electricity costs leave these 2 systems out of the reach of most governments. As light rail systems usually operate within the confines of a city, they require regular surveillance and control to ensure that they do not stop or interfere with other transportation networks. They also require high levels of expertise to operate compared to other transport systems and this expertise is required in design, moni toring, operation, maintenance and repair. The system has so far enjoyed technical and operational support from various industries. These include manufacturing engineering industry, electrical, control and instrumentation, civil, geospatial and environmental engineering industries as well as ICT, legal and corporate support from both the government and the private sector. This means that, every component of this transportation system can be operated, maintained and repaired or replaced as there are mechanisms of doing that. It also enjoys the support of having complementary and supplementary network systems in case a failure causing downtime occurs while it is in operation. This system also enjoys human support from the large volumes of members of the public who use this light rail system on a regular basis. This support is usually in the form fares charged or taxes paid to the local government. To evaluate the results of this transportation system, various technical performance measures can be put in place to analyze the effectiveness of the design, manufacture and implementation of this system and its supporting infrastructure. These values are based on design specifications, client feedback, theoretical and simulation models and practical tests conducted in referenced researches. They are suggestive and should not be taken as design considerations in any component of the design of this system. Table 1: Technical Performance Measure No. Technical Performance Measure Quantitative Value Relative Priority Value 1. Speed 30 kph 12% 2. User appeal (high/moderate/low) High 10% 3. Maintainability Relatively cheap 8% 4. Total operating costs 70% - 100% more than BRT 9% 5. Personnel skill levels Moderate to High expertise 6% 6. Environmental friendliness Electrically powered so very green 10% 7. Connectivity Low as it is very expensive 11% 8. Economic Productivity Highest when demand is high 6% 9. Durability 10 - 15 years 8% 10. Utilization Has highest ridership 11% 11. Interchangeability Highly possible 9% Total 100% Functional Analysis The functional analysis diagram below illustrates process of design based on the need requirements identified earlier in the system. It also shows how the various elements of the design and implementation phases interact with each other in the overall lifecycle of the project. As illustrated earlier, the transport system could to a large extent benefit from the expansion of the existent light rail systems, introduction of new ones and introduction of complementary and supplementary networks. The overall system requirements detailed provide a deeper understanding into the implementation cost of the most suitable alternative when looking at light rails. The overall design, acquisition and application of resources into the network system in order to provide for a maximum design life are also included. Figure 1: Functional Flow Block Diagram of Light Rail Transportation System Tradeoff Analysis: The proposed mass rapid transportation network is not only one of the most efficient at present but one of the most advanced. It is however prone to its own challenges which could be addressed by other similar systems. As such, it is important to compare this transport network with relevant alternatives that would probably provide a better value for the services. The best system is usually chosen. This report analyses the two major mass rapid transportation networks. Light rail system: light rail system enjoys greater demand due to its comfort therefore giving it more public support. For this reason, most individuals would prefer leaving their cars at home if the transport system was accessible or near their home or work/school destination. The comfort ensured by the seat arrangements also lead to some level of productivity as individuals can afford to have some work done on the way. This system also has a higher capacity than bus rapid transport while occupying a much smaller land area. This makes it much more economical to manage especially where demand is high. The systems speed is also improved where it is grade separated as it can attain peak velocities and consequently providing better service than the alternatives. It is also very environmentally friendly as it runs on electricity and keeps noise levels at a minimum. They, however, have their own challenges of which the most obstructive are the high initial cost of infrastructure investment. Light rail system requires an extensive lay-down of rail routes and where the infrastructure investment fails to cover more than half a city, it becomes uneconomical. Where the rail system has more stops, the trip duration is also increased prompting users of such a route to prefer the road network. Bus rapid transport: the main advantage of this system is the low initial costs. The various phases of complete infrastructural development can also be used without necessitating the whole system to be complete first. It requires no infrastructural specifications and can work very well on the existent roads. In doing so, they become very flexible because of the large number of routes available and are even able to drop people as close to their destination as the doorstep. For this reason, they require little to no transfers and a passenger can take only one bus in order to get to a destination even when it is far or not along the main avenues and highways. They also have lower operating costs even when the rider volumes are low proving to be economical. Their challenges include the bad image they have because of individual biases. They do not seem as classy as the light rail and they also are not as comfortable. They are not environmentally friendly as most still use fossil fuels for power. They also contribute to traffic congestion especially where they have signal priority modules to help change the traffic lights. Conclusion It is apparent from the analysis that light rail system would be a preferred system of operation. The only hindrance that does not have a direct or indirect solution is the high initial costs of infrastructure construction. Their economical aspect provides them with an edge as there are systems in place to promote accountability. This include automation of rider fare payment and also the easy surveillance due the low number of transport routes. Recommendation The light rail transportation system would be ideal for a city where public transport user volumes are high. While bus rapid transport has more network connectivity, it is possible to interchange the units when dealing with light rail systems and the overall system can in itself be intermodal. An example of such is when a light rail train station close to a suburb has adequate parking facilities to allow riders to use the road system to get to it conveniently. References Antiplanner, 2014. The Alternative to Light Rail. Retrieved 24 Aug 2014, from https://ti.org/antiplanner/?p=9737 Boarnet, Marlon Wang, Xize Houston, Douglas., (2016). Can new light rail reduce personal vehicle carbon emissions? A before-after, experimental-control evaluation in Los Angeles: light rail and CO2 emissions. Journal of Regional Science. Brown, Barbara Werner, Carol. (2009). Before and After a New Light Rail Stop: Resident Attitudes, Travel Behavior, and Obesity. Journal of the American Planning Association. (75), 5-12. Cassidy, E., 2015. LRT versus BRT: which is the better option? Retrieved 24 Aug 2017, from https://www.steerdaviesgleave.com/news-and-insights/LRT-versus-BRT Engebretsen, ystein Christiansen, Petter Strand, Arvid., (2017). Bergen light rail Effects on travel behaviour. Journal of Transport Geography. (62), 111-121. Ferbrache, Fiona Knowles, Richard. (2017). City boosterism and place-making with light rail transit: A critical review of light rail impacts on city image and quality. Geoforum. (80), 103-113. Freemark, Yonah, 2011. The Silly Argument over BRT and Rail. Retrieved 24 Aug 2016, from https://www.thetransportpolitic.com/2011/05/25/the-silly-argument-over-brt-and-rail/ Shapiro, Robert Hassett, Kevin Arnold, Frank., 2017. Conserving Energy and Preserving the Environment: The Role of Public Transportation. Legara, Erika Fille Kee Khoon, Lee Gih Guang, Hung Monterola, Christopher. (2015). Mechanism-based model of a mass rapid transit system: A perspective. International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series. (36). Legara, Erika Fille Monterola, Christopher Lee, Kee Guang Hung, Gih. (2014). Critical capacity, travel time delays and travel time distribution of rapid mass transit systems. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications. (406), 100106. Lund, Hollie. (2006). Reasons for living in a transit-oriented development, and associated transit use. Journal of the American Planning Association (72), 357-366. MRT LRT Trains, Singapore Land Transport Authority Website, Retrieved 24 Aug 2017, from https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltaweb/en/public-transport/mrt-and-lrt-trains.html Othman, N. B., Legara, E. F., Selvam, V., and Monterola, C., 2014. Simulating congestion dynamics of train rapid transit using smart card data, Procedia Computer Science (29), 16101620. Pang, Z. F., Othman, N., Ng, K. M., and Monterola, C., 2014. Efficiency and robustness of different network designs, Intl Journal of Modern Physics. Roth, Camille Kang, Soong Batty, Michael Barthelemy, Marc. (2012). A long-time limit of world subway networks. Journal of the Royal Society, Interface / the Royal Society. (9), 2540-50. Wattrick, J. T., 2011. Bus Rapid Transit: A real alternative to light rail, or just a lovely parting gift? Retrieved 24 Aug 2017, from https://www.mlive.com/news/detroit/index.ssf/2011/12/bus_rapid_transit_a_real_alter.html

Dinosaurs And Birds Essay Example For Students

Dinosaurs And Birds Essay Dinosaurs and BirdsNat 305Christopher Meadows11-2-00Are birds really dinosaurs or are they simply related? That is a question that has gained new life in recent years due to the overwhelming facts the are pouring in from newly found fossils and studies from fossils that have been found in the past. Two groups have formed in the study of this question: those who believe birds are a direct result of dinosaurs and those who feel dinosaurs and birds must have had a common ancestor. Determining which view is correct is a matter of opinion based on fact. The main problem involves the use of cladistics or phylogenetic systematics to group organisms according to characteristics they share. When one looks at dinosaur fossils, he or she may feel that certain characteristics are used for something entirely different than someone else who has looked at the same fossil. One cannot talk about dinosaur and bird lineage without mentioning Archaeopteryx. Most paleontologists agree that Archaeopteryx was the first bird. Archaeopteryx thus represents what paleontologists would call a transitional form between two major groups of animals, the reptiles (dinosaurs) and birds. The main difference between the theropods and Archaeopteryx were the long arms of the Archaeopteryx, adapted as wings, the feathers, and the presence of a wishbone that the theropods did not have. All of these features tie it to birds and its other characteristics tie it to theropods. One might say it was the missing link between the two. Opponents of this idea say that the similarities between Archaeopteryx and theropods were due to convergence, with the birdlike dinosaurs appearing in the Cretaceous some 75 million years after Archaeopteryx. Also, support is gaining that Archaeopteryx was not in fact the first bird, but instead a descendent of an earlier bird ancestor that had developed along a different pathway and actually represents an evolutionary dead end. Two opponents of the birds are dinosaurs theory are Alan Feduccia of the University of North Carolina and Larry Martin of the University of Kansas. They believe that birds evolved from some unknown reptile from a time before dinosaurs came to be. One point they make is that flight must have begun from tree climbing or an arboreal ancestor but that all the proposed dinosaurian ancestors were ground dwellers or cursorial On the other side, supporters for the birds are dinosaurs theory feel there is an unknown dinosaur bird that was arboreal, or simply that birds evolved flight from the ground by chasing after insects. In recent years other fossil finds have stirred the argument even more. One of these is the fossil named Sinosauroptyrex found in China. It appears to be an important link between birds and dinosaurs. Sinosauropteryx appears to be a feathered dinosaur having a mane of feathers along its neck, back, and taila feature until then seen only in birds.Sinosauroptyrex appears before Archaeopteryx and gives a substantial link between the theropods and birds. One opponent of this find is Martin who feels the structures that are considered to be feathers are simply frayed collagenous fibers beneath the skinhaving nothing to do with birds. Another find involves a fossil that was found in Madagascar in 1995. The fossil was identified as a bird because its arm bones contained knobs where feathers would have been attached. It also has a reversed first toe, a characteristic of birds unknown in any other type of theropod dinosaur, according to Catherine Foster of the State University of New York at Stony Brook and discoverer of the fossil. The real link between the Madagascan bird and dinosaurs is the retractable claw on its second toe, which does not appear on any other birds. This is, according to some, direct proof showing a link between birds and theropods. Opponents like Martin feel the creature is actually a dinosaur and not a bird at all. One of the main problems in deciding this argument is the time scale in which the fossils are found. Feduccia feels that one of the biggest problems is the time paradox, meaning that the so-called birdlike dinosaurs came too late to address avian evolution. Supporters of the theory feel they will eventually find the fossils they need to

An Effective Essay Task Using a Bar Chart Example

An Effective Essay Task Using a Bar Chart ExampleYou can create a well-formatted essay task and share it with your students using a bar chart example. This will help them understand how to analyze information and what types of information they need to analyze. The two main types of information used in this case include absolute and relative information.Absolute information is information that is true for all of the information in the task. The term for this type of information is logical. Students will use this type of information in order to make comparisons. They will need to compare data for one task with the same data for the other task.Relative information is information that relates to a particular instance of the task. The term for this type of information is descriptive. Students will need to explain why they believe the data and whether the data supports their conclusion. Students will also use this type of information to explain their analysis process and what conclusions t hey reached.Students will need to use either the analytical method or the descriptive method in order to understand the relative data used in their analysis method. Both analytical and descriptive analysis methods require analysis of a data set to arrive at a conclusion. Students should be familiar with both analytical and descriptive analysis methods. They should also have knowledge of the logical and conditional structure of the data.When students need to connect one side of their argument to the other side of their argument, they will use the conditional structure. Students will need to analyze whether or not their relative information supports their logical argument. Students will also need to describe their reasoning process.The objective of the essay task is to create a text that will be similar to a paper that would be used in an English class. Students will need to be able to write the essay using logic and their reasoning process. An effective essay task is one that is crea tive and includes such elements as metaphors, images, and comparisons.The objective of the essay task is to show the student that the essay is a useful product that will help them with their writing ability. The essay should include content relevant to the topic the student is studying. An essay task is the final step in the study of a subject and is essential for developing a great reader.

Ww Ii Essays - Combat, Military, , Term Papers

Ww Ii Journal of Social History Summer, 1999 The World Within War: America's Combat Experience in World War II.(Review) Author/s: Michael Neiberg By Gerald F. Linderman (New York: The Free Press, 1997. viii plus 408pp.). More than 16,000,000 Americans served in the Armed Forces during World War U, but only 800,00 (or just 5%) took part in what Gerald Linderman calls extended combat. (1) Their world, he convincingly argues, differed so fundamentally from the world of non-combat soldiers that it constituted a separate world within war. Combat, over and above military service generally, altered the very world view of the soldier and shook his basic assumptions about his enemy, his peers, his God, and the nation he had pledged his life to defend. Linderman uses the letters, diaries, and books of combat veterans along with a survey done by the Army War College to let the combat veterans speak for themselves. He focuses primarily on ground combat in Europe, North Africa, and the Pacific, though he addresses the air war in chapter one. In chapters 3 and 4 he argues that the geographic, cultural, and military contexts of the three theaters produced very different kinds of war and different understandings of what the rules of war meant. Linderman is not the first scholar to write about this world. Paul Fussell's 1989 book Wartime argued that the world of the combat soldier was so much as odds with any non-combatant's ability to understand it that the real war will never get in the books. Linderman agrees. Indeed, the combat soldiers themselves understood that civilians and non-combatants could not (and perhaps should not) know about the world of combat. In this world, men became callous to the deaths of enemies and of comrades alike, acted in ways that contradicted a lifetime of church and school, and sometimes found themselves inexplicably fascinated by the enduring appeals of battle. The distinct world of combat, and its inaccessibility to anyone who has not experienced it, underscored the sense of alienation that the combat soldier felt from everyone except his closest comrades. Only those men who had fought together that men in combat developed. Combat veterans knew all too well that their world lay beyond the ability of outsiders to understand. Witness two Marine Corps veterans asked to leave a theater during a showing of SANDS OF IWO JIMA because they could not stop laughing at a Hollywood depiction of a real war (315). Linderman's best chapter examines the close relationship between American values and the combat experience. Americans, coming from the Great Depression, saw the war, and combat more specifically, as a job to be completed as soon as possible. The likening of combat to a job gave combat veterans a way of dealing with the horrible acts they were required to perform as well as the knowledge that their death or survival had become purely a matter of chance. Ironically, those same values made combat appealing for some. Combat was the one place where true comradeship, without concern for background (except race - the Armed Forces remained segregated until 1948), ethnicity, or even military rank, existed. It was also the one part of military life where chicken *censored* military discipline and regulations (particularly anathema to American soldiers) mattered very little. Paradoxical as it may seem, the world of combat was, in many ways, the most un-military part of the thousand yard stare. While those at home enjoyed high wages and savings accounts, and noncombat personnel experienced relative comforts like beds and hot food, the combat veteran lived with the knowledge that only the end of the war or his own death would end his suffering. In order to survive, imagination, tenderness, and compassion had to die. Soldiers often believed in God (male and benevolent) or luck (female and usually malevolent) to get them through. Because their ex periences outstripped their ability to explain them, they relied on men like Ernie Pyle and Bill Mauldin to explain the war to civilians in words that would convey some semblance of truth without the shock of the whole truth. Because so few people experienced this world within war, World War II has come to be thought of as the Good War. The recent Enola Gay controversy reveals America's unease with

5 Questions to Always Ask at an Internship Interview

5 Questions to Always Ask at an Internship Interview You’re all prepped and ready, and you’ve sailed through your internship interview. You’re all dressed up and feeling like a power adult and then: WOMP. The interviewer asks you a question you will probably come to dread in your job-searching life, but aren’t quite prepared for now: â€Å"What questions do you have for us?† Even seasoned pros can get tripped up at this point in an interview. But you can dazzle your interviewer by not skipping a beat and asking the following five questions in your internship interview. Plus, you’ll get necessary information you probably didn’t realize you needed.1. How would you describe the work culture here?Getting a feel for the atmosphere, the pace, the camaraderie or lack thereof, is really important in determining whether you’d be a good fit. Ask the recruiter to sketch out what happens in a typical day. Whether there is an established routine, and how exact it is.2. What is your favorite as pect of working for this company?They probably won’t be expecting this one, so it’s your chance to turn the tables a bit. Push for a real answer. (Though you probably won’t have to; remember the interview process is also about the hiring manager selling you on the job. Give them the chance to sweeten it up for you!)3. What have interns done before me that really made them stand out?This does double duty. It shows you’re hungry to impress them and excel, and it also gives you a great leg up, if you were to land the position, on how to hit the ground running. Listen very carefully, and take good notes.4. Is there anything I can clarify for you?And the follow-up: â€Å"Or any hesitations about my qualifications?† It’s bold and assertive without being too pushy and shows that you’re eager to prove your worth to them while being sensitive to their precise needs for the position.5. What will the next step in this process be?You know youâ₠¬â„¢re going to go home and sweat this out. But you probably don’t realize you’re allowed to ask for a ballpark timeline of what to expect and when. It’s also a great way to bring an interview to a close. If they say they’re still interviewing for another 4-6 weeks, then you’ll know not to sit at home by your phone for the next month.Note any important dates in your calendar, and make sure to leave a friendly and positive impression as you leave the office. Eventually, this process will get easier!

HRD at Indiana State University Personal Statement

HRD at Indiana State University - Personal Statement Example In ten years, I aspire to become a professional consultant in safety management and by extension, human resource development. The knowledge gained in Human Resource Development will provide me with the requisite skills to motivate employees towards the attainment of respective organisational goals. In the long run, the degree will supplement my skills in safety management as it will enable me understand the psychology of employees and how to make organisations safe for every stakeholder. I chose Indiana State University because it provides an environment that I am accustomed to hence propagate smooth continuation of learning. Furthermore, with Indiana State University providing opportunities for public and community service and developing leaders in its students, I look forward to gaining interpersonal and critical leadership skills to benefit the organisation that I will manage and my consultancy enterprise. Other than the institution’s accreditation by the Higher Learning Commission, its affiliation to the Society of Human Resource Management provides me with numerous networking and career development

Cosmopolitanism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cosmopolitanism - Essay Example In this reference, the cosmopolite has some advantages that might include personal and political emancipations and freedoms over less economically privileged individuals. The philosophical significance in cosmopolitanism lies in its challenge to generally recognize attachments to fellow-citizens, parochially shared cultures, the local state, and the like. In Ancient Greece the term Cosmopolite meant citizen of the world. The opus of the Greek term, cosmopolis, already indicates this unsolved stress: cosmos, an accepted universal order, is related to polis, society's inconsistent order. As a result, from the Greek democratic city-state to the international village, the idea of cosmopolite has been disturbed by questions such as whose world this actually is. Can the forces of homogenous external expansionist exist harmoniously with the heterogeneous localized ones A truly cosmopolitan answer would imply a permanent interest in difference and the recognition that internationals and locals depend on each other in order to exist. Since its beginning, cosmopolitanism has been a category marked by a need to negotiate with "others" and has reflected tensions between local and regional realities, ethnocentric and relativist perceptions, and particularism and universalism. Historically, cosmopolitanism has reflected the ideologies of different periods and modes of integration to larger, colonial or global, political units. As a category mostly held by elites, it often means the sophistication that results from familiarity with what is diverse. It has become an allegory for mobility, migrancy, sensitivity and forbearance to otherness, independence from specific authorities, and transcultural and intercontinental realities and claims. Its opposing concepts have often indicated racism, fixity, parochialism, restricted sovereignty, and commitment to a motherland or a nation-state. The history of the relationships between local and regional conceptions is old as human race. A strong inclination towards local reality, particularism, variety and context may oscillate, such as at the end of the Renaissance or during the Enlightenment, towards highlights on general formal timeless statements that pretend to be universal. Having its roots in Ancient Greece, cosmopolitanism has been disconnectedly present in western philosophical or political deliberations. The military conquests of Alexander the Great (356-323 B.C.) opened up the situations for the existence of a "world empire" that supposedly aimed at uniting East and West into an enlightened commonwealth. Greek became the lingua franca of the Hellenistic age (4th - 1st century B.C.), an age that lasted until the institution of Roman hegemony. Although cosmopolitanism was a subject for Greek philosophers before Stoicism, this school of philosophy established in Athens by 300 B.C. systemized cosmopolitan theories advancing revelations such as that of a world city, an ideal state where everyone would be a resident. Stoics were active in assessing Greek ethnocentrism towards barbarians and promoted a sense of brotherhood, a vision of humankind that was conveyed to Romans and predated Christianity's claims to universalism. Cosmopolitanism passed on to different political and intellectual elites from the Roman Empire through Medieval Europe. The Christian church played a chief role in the reproduction of cosmopolitan ideals and apparatuses by shaping two or more cultures sacred imagined

The Process Of Coastal Erosion Environmental Sciences Essay

The Process Of Coastal Erosion Environmental Sciences Essay Coastal erosion is a natural process in which sand and rocks are dislodged from the shoreline by various eroding agents. Wave erosion is one of the major eroding agents which erode the beaches by breaking the rocks. In coastal erosion land is permanently and completely shifted from one region to another. The intensity of erosion along a beach is influenced by how hard a wave hits it; the intensity of the wave depends on tides and the water density. Coast erosion usually affects most people that live along the coastline and also the marine organisms that have their habitats along estuaries, bays and very shallow parts of the ocean water. Discussion Many coastline are facing rampant coastal erosion and mostly in the Atlantic and gulf where erosion percentages are about 6% per year. Many coastlines within the United States of America have been affected by coastal erosion and in our study today we will concentrate on the coastal erosion in Louisiana specifically along the Mississippi river. Wetlands within the United States are declining at a very fast rate in the past 200 years, this because of the increase in the natural evolutionary processes and also some human activities such as dredging. The wetlands within Louisiana are vast and wide as they extend to about 130 kilometers inland and 300km onshore. Various wetlands within the U.S.A are in stable conditions but the one in Louisiana if not quickly addressed it will be completely eroded in the next two hundred years (Dunne and Knapp 123). The delta plains within the Mississippi river together with its shorelines have been the recipient of sediment deposition by the river dating back to seven thousand years back. There have been shifts in the course of the Mississippi river which has resulted in the staking of sand and mud which later formed deltas which were abandoned by the changing of the river course. These delta began eroding and degrading reason being the following factors; the subsequent increase in the water level which may have been caused by global warming, bombardment by the loose sediment which may have been deposited and also the reason may have been the sudden occurrence of storms which could have washed away the sand particles which were deposited on the deltas. Other than the above reasons the natural marine processes did erode the margins of the deltas which were seaward leading to the formation of barrier beaches and also sandy headlands. Erosion subsequently continued resulting to the barrier islands which were of low relief and eventually causing separation with the main land by lagoons and shallow bays The erosion of the coastal shorelines in Louisiana has really led to the environmental and economic decline of the region as compared to the past. If urgent measures are not addressed the wetland in Louisiana will be no more. Due to the erosion of the deltas there was formation of barrier islands which acted as buffer zones hence leading to the decline of the ocean wave effects to the surrounding wetland and estuaries. Researchers have come up with findings that tend to explain that if the eroding of the barrier islands continue they will be no more by the climax of this century hence exposing the wetlands to the mighty force of marine processes which include; tidal power, transportation of sediments, wave action and the intrusion of salinity. These marine processes will therefore lead to the degrading of the wetlands. Coastal erosion which is also known as shoreline retreat can cause a lot of economic losses since the following sectors are adversely affected and they include ; agric ulture, tourism which to some countries is the main source of income, fishing and shipping as harbors are also affected (Finkl and Khalil 206). In Louisiana there are oil refineries and energy production sites and therefore through coastal erosion such activities are hampered and disrupted. In certain estimation by economists it was noted that if oil refineries in Louisiana were to be hampered for three continuous weeks then the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economy could suffer a setback of three hundred thousand jobs and also the loss of over one billion dollars. In a study conducted by waldemar nelson he states that if the coastal erosion is not corrected then the following economic conditions are likely to be affected: the transportation of oil and gas may be disrupted, navigation will also be hampered as erosion will make it difficult to navigate through the Mississippi river, commercial fishing may be hampered and some recreational activities like surfing may be affected. These are the direct impacts that may accrue as a result of coastal erosion. In a study conducted by Richardson and Scott they stated that coast erosion will impact a lot in the general economy of the United States of America. They further stated that there will be loss of jobs, decline in the household earnings and some of the business transitions of economy may be affected if the coastal erosion continues to disrupt industries in Louisiana. These are the indirect challenges that Louisiana may face as a result of the coastal erosion. Louisiana has had a decline in its wetlands for the past thirty years or so due to this a body of experts was formed to address this problem. This body was known as coastal wetlands planning, protection and restoration act which was made up of a task force whose responsibility was to keenly monitor, implement and design the conservation of the coast and also they were to make a follow up of the restoration projects that were being undertaken (Limnological Society of Southern Africa 81). For the purpose of their duties these task force were u fed with the high resolution and colored photographs of the region which were usually taken through aerial photography. These photographs enabled them to monitor the restoration progress and this was to continue for a period of twenty years. This taskforce always submitted a report of its findings and restoration projects to the congress. The projects to be undertaken were usually ranked regarding their costs and the benefits that were to be acqu ired from it. There is a formula which was used in accessing the benefits and ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s calculated through a methodology which is usually known as the wetland value assessment. Every year restoration projects were to be done and they include; restoration of the hydrology, protection of the shoreline, restoration of the barrier island, diversions of sediments, marsh management, proper use the material which is dredged, introduction of fresh water, planting vegetation and trapping of nutrients and sediments. A special body was established to monitor the progress and effectiveness of the projects. In the restoration of the coastal erosion in Louisiana the project needed an approximate of five hundred billion dollars to one billion dollar. These amounts were to assist in the protection of Louisiana against hurricane attacks (Morton 08). It is noted that it is not nature alone that is to be blamed on the degradation and destruction of wetlands in Louisiana but also the human activities which have been taking place in the Mississippi river delta. The following are some of the activities; there has been construction of levees which were designed to channel the riversà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ waters two thousand kilometers inland hence leading to the transportation of sediments which were deposited far from the coast. This sediment was of importance as they usually nourished the wetlands. Another human activity that has degraded the coast was the dredging of canals which were to be used in the facilitating of hydrocarbon exploration and its production, these led to the intrusion of salty water to the wetland from the Gulf of Mexico. Finally the drainage of water into the wetland so as to give room for development and agriculture has led to the loss and subsequent deterioration of the wetland (Finkl and Khalil 187). There are various ideas which have been put forward to address the problem of erosion of the Barrier Island and wetlands. Some of the ideas include; the restoration of the coast through the nourishment of the barrier island, sand and other materials that were dredged to be distributed to the wetlands, some other people state that a new navigation channel to be created so as to allow the delta plains to proceed normally with their erosion. These ideas still have their pros and cons as they still affect some communities, some interests in agriculture and also the petroleum and oil industry. There are various engineering solutions which are very expensive to implement for instance building of breakwaters so as to prevent the full force of the waves from hitting the wetland and also building of breakwaters. This idea is viable but it is very costly. The only way curb this problem is by understanding how wetlands and barrier islands change or evolve. Various coordinated studies are showing how the nature intended both the wetland and barrier island to work. Therefore in the planning process the researchers should take into consideration how they evolve rather than going contrary to Mother Nature. Some studies are also trying to examine the possibilities of replacing sediments with very fine grained sediments. All this are very good and attainable ideas but up to date all the engineering actions performed are still fruitless (Dunne and Knapp 128). .

A look into history Essay

What would constitute a period in history called a â€Å"Golden Age†? Would the prosperity seen and felt by people make the description adequate? Would a greater sense of freedom in the regions of the world fit the description? How can we describe a â€Å"Golden Age†? In the years of the so-called â€Å"Golden Era†, from 1950-1973, the world saw an unprecedented rise in term of growth, with global averages reaching 4. 9 percent in the period of national Keynesianism (Monthly Review). This period, however, was not an isolated one (Institute of Industrial Relations). The period with the highest national growth rate, from 1935-1950, after an expansion in the previous economic period, 1918-1935, the distance between the two ends of the income distribution became smaller (IRI). Families of workers tried to adjust the loss of distance from the black community by downsizing in terms of number of additions to the family and the use of utilities (IRI). But in order for us to fully grasp the meaning why this period in time is called the Golden Age, we have to frame it beside two other growth periods, one before the age and the one just after it. It must be also noted if there were changes in the period that contributed to the growth of the succeeding growth periods. Before the Golden Age Families in the United States used to see how they have progressed through the years by taking a peek at their family albums, remembering the early years of their parents’ hard life (Bob Davis & David Wessel). During the years of the Age, almost every tier of American life had been extended the benefit of a upbeat and climbing standard of living (Davis & Wessel). But again, we must peek farther than the time before this period of unprecedented growth. In the past two centuries the world has seen an era of unhampered growth (Bart van Ark). In the years between 1820 and 1997, the gross domestic product around the world rose at around 2. 2 percent on the average (van Ark). This growth rate was around seven times the growth the world experienced from the preceding period, from 1500to 1820 (van Ark). But as time wore on, the disparity between the recipients of that high growth rate become more and more separated (van Ark). The world’s growth rate accelerated in 1870, and again at the beginning of the Golden Age, in 1950 (van Ark). Since the growth of the world’s economy grew in that time frame, it is not ti be understood that everyone benefited from that growth in equal shares (van Ark). Great Britain, one of the leading powers during the era, learned very well from the lessons of the founder of the capitalist system, Adam Smith (Robert L. Bartley). Smith blieved that raising the economic bar could only be done by practising free and open market principles, that traders and merchants interacting with the consumers will lead to a better share of the economic benefits (Bartley). Agnus Maddison, widely regarded as one of the premier authorities on long-term growth, gives us some insights into the growth engines at the time (Daniel Ben-Ami). In his studies, Maddison points to the year 1820 as one the more impotant inflection periods in the study of the world’s growth (Bartley). Global GDP per capita hadd increased from $420 dollars (1990 value) to about $545 by about the year 1820 (Bartley). The period of 1913-1950 would probably be the most interesting sections of the years before the Golden Age. This period embraces the events of two world wars, the Great Depression, the economic upswing in the 1920’s (Bhanoji Rao), and one of the greatest political and bloody historical events in the modern era, the Bolshevik Revolution (Irma Adelman). Both World War one and two reversed the trends for the unrestrained movement of goods, money and migration of people (Rao). But in developing nations, the effects of these events were not felt as much, thus mirroring the differing aspects of the Wars and the Depression (Rao). In the aftermath of the war, large influential movements had espoused the needs for reform, and the captains in the capitalist end of the world were afraid of a return to the time of the Depression (Crotty). What should be seen however in this time before and after the Industrial Revolution was not the disparity in growth rates (Adelman). What was evident during this time was the degree that events bought leading to worldwide economic insecurity and to the global economic framework as a a whole (Adelman). The initiatives aimed at halting the transfer of the economic downturn led to the adoption of very strict global trading and payment methods (Adelman). As the initiatives took hold, tariffs and other quantity restrictions were soon implemented (Adelman). Tight constraints were implemented for the regulation on the movement of workers and capital (Adelman). The value of many currencies tended to be overvalued (Adelman). Rampant and widespread inflation led to the collapse of international payments (Adelman). This development led to the adoption of extreme government concern as to the stability of prices and foreign exchange as it relates to the level of unemployment (Adelman). Shifting to the Golden Era The march toward the golden age of the world’s growth had been marked by a shift from a market-driven and guided economy to one that was basically a government managed type (James Crotty). The era of the Golden age can be characterized by one of swift and widely distributed growth, having for its foundations an increase of control over quality of the markets dictated by the market and vented through the state (Crotty). Rather than a time of markets being centralized, it was a time rather of the markets being embedded in the society, the state rather than an enforcer taking on the role of a guide (Crotty). Agnus Maddison calculated that the world’s GDP rose to an average of 2. 9 percent, hitting 3. 9 percent in Europe and about 8 percent in the European continent (Bartley). The Second World War had spawned a time of demand that was pent -up during the time of the war, as capital and infrastructure was totally wiped out in Japan and on the Continent (Adelman). The command type of economy that was installed during the war, quickly gave way to the reinstitution of the usual framework of capitalism (Adelman). A great aid in the redevelopment of devastated Europe to get the continent up on its feet was the Marshall Plan (Adelman). With this Plan in place, the capital needs and infrastructure needed to jumpstart the economies of Europe were set in motion (Adelman). It was during this time, as stated earlier, that the world was experiencing a high degree of growth (Ben-Ami). In Japan, the Golden Age and the following decades after, the land of the rising sun was identified with the traits of efficiency and the highest levels of manufacturing standards (Terutomo Ozawa). This was exemplified by the low cost in the production of their automobiles nd electronic products (Ozawa). In Europe, the road to recovery was much simpler (Barry Eichengreen). Europe at the time underwent an almost complete transformation in the way they conducted their lives. In the middle of the century, Europe’s households had heat from burning coal, kept their food fresh with ice, and had no semblance even of basic plumbing. At present, they have gas-fired furnaces for heating, refrigerators to keep their food stuffs, and an endless number of electronic items that will make one dizzy. Incomes of an average European nearly went to three times their value by the turn of the century (Eichengreen). Also, working conditions and hours steadily improved, as time at work was reduced by at least a third, giving a boost to the leisure time of Europeans (Eichengreen). An upswing in the rates of the life expectancy in Europe’s residents was enhanced by new technological discoveries in health accompanied by a parallel advances in nutrition (Eichengreen). But all was not a pretty picture, as one would think. Levels of the ranks of the unemployed rose. Taxes levied on the people increased. The effects of the destruction of the environment, state repression and consumer spending limits were the order of the day under Eastern Europeans’ repressive regimes dominated that part of Europe for the next for decades following World War 2 (Eichengreen). But what made the road to recovery relatively easy for Europe? Europe, for its part, didn’t have to plan anything new for its rebuilding; it just simply rebuilt. Europe just had to rebuild the damaged or destroyed infrastructure, reinvesting in its capital stock, and redeploying the men that were in the war effort to jobs in peacetime efforts (Eichengreen). This â€Å"catch-up† mentality had demonstrated itself in the utilization of technologies that were not yet in the pipeline, so to speak (Eichengreen). These were the technologies that were developed in the period between the wars, and were used by Europe to sustain its economic juggernaut (Eichengreen). But in the 1930’s and 40’s, Europe was thrown into an atmosphere of a depressed investment environment (Eichengreen). It was in this period that the United States gained a bit of a headway against their European counterparts. The Americans had outpaced Europe in terms of overall production and levels of productivity. By using the Americans’ technology, under license, adopting their business philosophies of American mass-production and personnel management, Europe could close the gap on the Americans. Hence was born the concept of â€Å"convergence†, fusing the levels of per capita income and levels of productivity to that of the United States (Eichengreen). But in the generation of wealth, particularly in the aspect of its distribution, not all of Europe could say that they were given an equal share of the pie, so to speak. For example, the northern parts of Europe were gaining faster than their southern counterparts. The same trend went for Western Europe, outpacing Eastern Europe. Eastern Europe’s woes came a failure of the central planning strategy that was common in the authoritarian governments that dominated that part of the continent. Though these are also important features of the Golden Age in Europe, nevertheless the period marked an era of expanded growth and change on the continent (Eichengreen). The economic machine of the Japanese economy, after the brilliant star of its economic achievements faded, had gone from one that was admired to one that was dealt with indifference, even one thrown pity (Ozawa). This was bought about by the virtues of the Japanese to put into secure positions some of the political interests rather than focusing on the real problems that had dogged the nation’s economy (Ozawa). In its early steps to climb out of the destruction wrought upon it in the 2nd World War, Japan had adopted its industry to a road of industrial improvement, moving from low value industrial output, gradually moving up to higher levels of value-added goods (Ozawa). But as the years passed, Japan began to remove the protection it afforded to its industries, essentially preparing them for competition (Ozawa). These industries that were left unsheltered were the ones that are the reason for the current state of the Japanese economy’s morass (Ozawa). Most of the world had been under the Bretton Woods Agreement (Adelman). This agreement was instrumental to the reintroduction to the regime of fixed rate payments, all payments to be based on the value of the dollar (Adelman). This regime was supported by a number of international organizations with the goal of giving some form of flexibility and in the management of foreign exchange inconsistencies (Adelman). After the Golden Era, the period of another growth slowdown was about to rear its head. After the Bubble burst After the Bretton Woods agreement had collapsed and countries and adopted more flexible foreign exchange rates, coupled with the skyrocketing of the price of oil, all these led to the indication that the Golden era was officially over (Rao). This was the era of the â€Å"stagflation† that hit the world in the mid-1970’s (Ben-Ami). The Bretton agreement had become quite inadequate in meeting the liquidity requirements of most nations (Adelman). When the agreement eventually broke down, the system was replaced by a unstable, fluctuating means of foreign exchange (Adelman). The currencies of many countries went through a period of devaluation against the American currency (Adelman). But this was only the precursor of the coming storm. Oil prices had tripled their price in 1974, cereals doubled their prices by 1973, and gold prices doubled in the years of 1971-1973 (Adelman). Other problems were beginning to crop up for the world as the age ended. According to the International Labor Organization in its 1995 report on world unemployment, does not dispute the fact the upswing in the world’s economic standing, but it also emphasizes that the world, after the Golden Era, witnessed its GDP cut in half, and the levels of unemployment had reached levels never before seen or to be even though of during the era (Canadian Auto Workers Union). For this reason, economists divide the era into two parts (CAW). The first 25 years at the turn of the century has been called the â€Å"Golden Era†, the second part is called â€Å"The Age of Permanent Insecurity† (CAW). The effects of the downturn were quite visible. Growth rates had been sliced in half, good jobs were the exception rather than the norm, wages did not go up, surpluses were wiped out and social programs introduced at the end of the golden age, were dismantled at a slow but steady pace (CAW). Within a generation, the rate of growth fell to half its previous level, unemployment rates doubled, and decent jobs became the exception. Real wages stopped growing, budget surpluses turned into chronic deficits, and social programs which were proudly introduced near the end of the first period were dismantled in the second – slowly at first, but then at an accelerating pace (CAW). The labor market in Canada and other industrialized nations also took a hit, as the unemployment rates hit 9 percent in the latter part of the turn of the century, as compared to the 4. 5 percent average registered in the first half (CAW). In the United States, the Federal budget registered a budget surplus from 1946 to 1970 (CAW). In the years following the Golden Era, the Federal government has never once posted a budget surplus (CAW). The Federal government, for every dollar that it allots for programs, it pays about 63 cents of its earnings to pay for the interest of its debt (CAW). The period after the War was one of significant unheralded growth, born out of the combination of several factors (CAW). Among them was the combination of the development of emerging technologies tapped during the War, the retooling of the war time workplace to be reused for peacetime work, reconstruction of the war torn areas of Europe and in Japan, the demand held in check for so long after the Great Depression and the restraints bought on by the war, and the new found competitive situation that it has found with Communist states (CAW). The War had asked from the citizens a great amount of sacrifice, these sacrifices led to the demand for the upgrading for the people’s living conditions, equity and concerns for their security concerns (CAW). These concessions were won over by the labor movement from very jittery corporations (CAW). But how does this relate to the downturn of the Golden Era? After The Golden Era, what happened? The concessions that the workers had gained from the corporations had produced a contradiction for them (CAW). In the case of Japan and Europe, after they had reconstructed from the destruction of the war and had strengthened their economies, was building a contradictory effect for the corporations (CAW). Once the economies were put back on line, the competition of the industrialized countries again began once again on the uptake (CAW). This upswing of the economies of capitalist industries put some amount of pressure on the companies’ profits (CAW). The companies in turn tried all efforts to put up a hedge around their profits (CAW), which companies then transferred these pressures from competition on the workers themselves (CAW). Since the workers felt secure and bold enough to challenge any initiative to be pressured in the workplace, the companies transformed these workers from mainly being employees to consumers, increasing their prices to keep their profit margins (CAW). The workers, feeling the pinch of the higher prices, asked the companies for the increases in their wages to match the increases that the companies imposed (CAW). This initiated the cycle of price escalation (CAW). The price increases had a negative impact on the global competitiveness of the corporations (CAW). As a result of such developments, inflationary pressures set in (CAW). The companies had to find ways to stay viable while contending with the workers, who were becoming hindrances to the company in terms of supervision over the workplace. As such, the companies had to choose, between the companies’ insatiable drive for profit and the needs of the society and the workers, the workers and society lost (CAW). Here is the start of the end of the Golden Era, where the share of the wealth began to be hoarded, rather than shared. Works Cited Adelamn, Irma. â€Å"The genesis of the current global system†. van Ark, Bart. â€Å"Accumulation, productivity and technology: measurement and analysis of long term economic growth†. Bartley, Robert L. † The future of economic freedom†. 2000 October 16. Ben-Ami, Daniel. â€Å"Ferraris for all†. 2007 January 27. Canadian Auto Workers. â€Å"From False solutions to growing protest: recapturing the agenda†. Crotty, James. â€Å"Trading state-led for market led stagnation: from the golden age to global neoliberalism†. Davis, Bob & Wessel, David. â€Å"The Golden Age: the rise of the American middle class†. Eichengreen, Barry. â€Å"The European Economy since 1945†. The New York Times 2007 March 25. Monthly Review. â€Å"Notes from the Editors†. Monthly Review 2007 Septem